Le fédéralisme coopératif au Canada : quand les registres juridique et politique jouent au chat et à la souris (Cooperative Federalism in Canada: When Legal and Political Registers Play Cat and Mouse)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
French Abstract: L’architecture federale canadienne est foncierement dualiste. Chaque ordre de gouvernement est dote de competences officiellement exclusives, avec tres peu de competences formellement concurrentes. De plus, chaque ordre de gouvernement est dote d’institutions legislatives et executives autonomes. Ainsi, l’administration provinciale met en œuvre les lois et politiques provinciales; l’administration federale fait de meme pour les lois et les programmes federaux. Ce mecanisme se distingue donc du « federalisme integre » que connaissent l’Allemagne, la Suisse ou l’Union europeenne, par exemple. Neanmoins, au fil du temps, la pratique prolifique du « federalisme cooperatif » a emerge de facon graduelle et tres pragmatique. La jurisprudence constitutionnelle a partiellement soutenu ce decloisonnement de competences formellement exclusives par l’adoption de doctrines interpretatives qui favorisent le chevauchement legislatif de facto et par l’enterinement de la delegation de tâches administratives d’un ordre de gouvernement vers l’autre. Toutefois, la structure constitutionnelle canadienne ne se voit implicitement modifiee que lorsque les ‘joueurs’ gouvernementaux acceptent de collaborer. Lorsque ce n’est pas, ou plus, le cas, la Cour supreme du Canada se retranche derriere le dualisme officiel et redonne a chaque ordre son entiere autonomie, y compris lorsque cette autonomie peut nuire aux autres membres de la federation. Ainsi, la maniere (collaborative ou non) dont les competences sont exercees est jugee relever du domaine politique, et non juridique, que les cours doivent controler. En somme, si le federalisme se deploie souvent de maniere cooperative sur le terrain, le droit public canadien resiste a l’adoption d’une obligation de bonne foi de la part des partenaires federaux. English Abstract: The Canadian federal architecture is fundamentally “dualist”. Each order of government is endowed with officially exclusive powers, with very few formally concurrent ones. Moreover, each order of government possesses autonomous legislative and executive institutions. Hence, the provincial administration implements provincial laws and policies; the federal civil service does the same for federal laws and programmes. This mechanism is thus distinct from the “integrated federalism” of Germany, Switzerland or the European Union, for example. This said, over the years, a very rich practice of “cooperative federalism” has emerged in a gradual and very pragmatic manner. Constitutional jurisprudence has partially supported this dilution of formal exclusive powers through the adoption of interpretative doctrines that favour de facto legislative overlap and through the endorsement of delegations of one order of government’s administrative tasks to the other. However, the Canadian constitutional structure is implicitly modified only when governmental ‘actors’ agree to collaborate. When that is not, or no longer, the case, the Supreme Court of Canada reverts to official dualism and gives back full autonomy to each order, even when this autonomy can harm other members of the federation. Thus, the manner (collaborative or not) in which powers are exercised is considered to be a political matter, not a legal one which courts ought to police. In sum, if federalism often takes a cooperative form in practice, Canadian public law resists the adoption of an obligation of good faith on the parts of federal partners—the equivalent of a type of federal loyalty.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".