Evaluation of a Dual Tank Indirect Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System for a High Performance House
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work focused on the design and evaluation of an integrated mechanical system, which incorporated a dual tank indirect solar-assisted heat pump, that offsets spaceheating, cooling, and domestic hot water loads for a high performance house. A model of the system was developed to investigate the effects of various parameters on the performance of the system. These parameters included the tank configurations, the solar collector size and orientation, and heat pump size and controls. In addition, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the heat pump load side flow rate, the heat pump performance, and the thermal stratification in the storage tank. The experimental results indicated that the coefficient of performance of the heat pump reduced with lower flow rates. However, lower flow rates could result in higher temperature rises across the condenser and greater levels of the stratification which could improve the overall performance of the system by reducing the auxiliary energy consumption. Results from the modelling and experimental work were compared and the experimental results were used to improve the heat pump performance map that was used in the simulations. The simulation results showed that the system could achieve a free energy fraction of 0.506 (neglecting energy draws from circulation pumps and fans) for space-heating, cooling, and domestic hot water. This result suggests that the system does have the potential of reducing energy consumption in the residential sector in Canada. Thermal loss coefficient dependency on the collector temperatures (kJ/hm 2 K 2 ) V Volumetric flow rate (L/min) VGR Gravimetric flow rate (L/min) x Distance between nodes in the storage tank (m) xix Authors SAHP Set-up Performance Bertram, Prisch, and Tepe [27] Configurations: 3 systems involving flat plate collectors, borehole heat exchanger (BHE) and a heat pump Heat Pump: 7.9 kW Collector Type: Flat plate Energy Storage: 150 L without solar and 300 L with solar Loads: DHW and space-heating (floor area of 140 m 2 ) Climate: Strasbourg, France SPF (concept 1): about 3.8 to 4.0 with BHE of 110 m and collector area between 5 m 2 and 15 m 2 SPF (concept 2): 4.95 and 5.21 for 5 m 2 and 10 m 2 of collector area, respectively and BHE of 110 m SPF (concept 3): about 4.8 with a 5 m 2 collector area and 110 m BHE SF : 65% with 5 m 2 of collectors (for DHW) Tamasauskas, Poirer, Zmeureanu, and Suny [28] Configurations: Indirect system with an ice slurry in a tank Collector Type: Flat plate Collector Area: 65.67 m 2 Collector Orientation: Tilt of 65.625E nergy Storage: 32.05 m 3 solar thermal tank and 1.5 m 3 warm water tank Loads: DHW and space-heating (floor area of 186 m 2 ) Climate: Montreal, Quebec SPF : 8.22 SF : 0.88 COP of the Heat Pump: 4.03 with the design evaporator inlet temperature at 0 and condenser inlet temperature of 20 Collector Efficiency: 0.43 (seasonal) Sterling and Collins [29, 30] Configurations: Dual tank indirect system and solar-side system Collector Type: Flat plate Collector Area: 4 m 2 Collector Orientation: Facing south with a tilt of 45E nergy Storage: 350 L DHW tank and 500 L float tank Loads: DHW Climate: Ottawa , Ontario SF : 0.67 for the dual tank system and 0.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".