Diversification of Cynoglossinae genera (Cynoglosseae-Boraginaceae) in the western Irano–Turanian bioregion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Irano–Turanian (I–T) bioregion harbours one of the Old World’s greatest repositories of botanical diversity; however, the diversification patterns and the phenotypic evolution of its flora are sorely understudied. The subtribe Cynoglossinae is characteristic of the western I–T bioregion, species-rich in both the desertic lowlands and the more mesic highlands of the Iranian plateau. About 70 species of Cynoglossinae are present in the Iranian plateau, 47 of which are endemic to the plateau. Herein, nuclear internal transcribed spacer sequences as well as cpDNA rpl32-trnL and trnH–psbA sequences were used to investigate the molecular phylogeny, historical biogeography, and ancestral character states of Cynoglossinae. Molecular dating and ancestral range reconstruction analyses indicated that the subtribe Cynoglossinae has initiated its diversification from the eastern part of the western I–T during the mid-Miocene, concomitantly with the uplift of the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains. Moreover, from the Pliocene onwards, the Afghan–India collision and extensive deformation of the Arabia–Eurasia convergence likely promoted allopatric speciation in Cynoglossinae via mostly vicariance events. Evolution of annuals with small nutlets from perennials with large nutlets was accompanied by mesic to desert habitat shifts. Herein, to explain distribution of Cynoglossinae in the western I–T, the congruence between cladogenetic, geological, and palaeoclimatic events was investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".