Concrete-filled hollow structural sections. I: Materials, cross-section classification, and concentrically loaded columns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reviews contemporary rules in CSA S16:19, AISC 360-16, and EN 1994-1-1 for concrete-filled hollow structural sections (HSS), covering materials, cross-section classification, and concentrically loaded columns. Results from 453 tests on axially compressed concrete-filled HSS members were compared to the predicted strengths using current (CSA S16:19, AISC 360-16, and EN 1994-1-1) and recommended CSA S16 design equations (with limits of validity), and a first-order reliability analysis was performed in accordance with CSA S408-11. The recommendations herein are shown to maintain the current CSA S16:19 Clause 18.2 level of reliability for concrete-filled HSS compression members. Design examples are provided, and the results are compared with the counterpart American code (AISC 360-16). This paper is Part I of a two-part series. Part II covers flexural members, beam-columns, tension, and shear.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".