9. A Stylistic and Chronological Assessment of the Footprint Petroglyphs from Humayma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The archaeological site of ancient Hawara (modern day Humayma), located in Southern Jordan, consists of occupational phases extending from the Neolithic period until present day. The site represents many diverse cultural groups, including Nabataean, Roman, and Byzantine. During a 2014 field survey, more than 150 petroglyphs were discovered in the mountainous area to the west of the ancient site. These petroglyphs included rock carvings of bovids, humans, and of particular interest to this research project, footprints. Since early humanity, man has been carving footprints all over the world, with various meanings and reasons for doing so. The goal of this research project was to analyze the footprint petroglyphs found surrounding Hawara, in order to determine what each carving was meant to represent, and what general time period each carving came from. This was accomplished by focusing on the artistic style and representation of each footprint, as well as the stratigraphic layering of the carvings. By organizing photographs taken of each footprint into a database, and cross-analyzing them against each other, as well as against other known petroglyphs from Southern Jordan, the study showed that humans have been carving footprints into the hills surrounding Hawara since ancient times, presumably as a way to mark their presence in the area. Over the course of the site’s history, humanity’s motivation for wishing to leave their mark on the land differs, from religious or spiritual reasons to personal. It is hypothesized that over the centuries people carved the footprints around Humayma as offerings to their local gods, most likely to ensure a healthy rainfall and successful harvest in the desert climate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".