The rise and demise of Safavid-Kizilbash millenarianism in Western Asia: an ecosystemic institutionalist explanation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper makes two main contributions to Safavid-Kizilbash studies. First, it subjects millenarianism of the Safavid-Kizilbash movement, which has been commonly accepted but only briefly mentioned thus far, to analytical scrutiny by using concepts from the millenarian literature. Second, by critically engaging the neo-institutionalist literature, it develops and applies an ecosystemic institutionalist framework that takes ideas seriously to account for the rise and demise of this Sufistic millenarianism. The post-Timurid period constituted a critical juncture conducive to millenarian movements in the Western Asian ecosystem. Facilitated by this favourable climate, Safavid-Kizilbash millenarianism rose on an innovative articulation of ʿAlid Sufism in the Perso-Islamic ideational tradition and tribal corporatism in the Turco-Mongol political tradition. However, the institutional requirements of state building coupled with ecosystemic pressures led the Safavids to drop Sufistic millenarianism in favour of a shariʿa-centric Twelver Shiʿism, leaving the Anatolian Kizilbash as an inward-looking, defensive community under Ottoman rule.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".