Electrical and optical characterization of a pulsed discharge in immiscible layered liquids: <i>n</i> -heptane and water with various electrical conductivities
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In-liquid pulsed nanosecond discharges produce highly dynamic plasmas that can be applied in different fields. In this study, we investigate the discharge dynamics of plasmas generated at or near the interface of water (with various electrical conductivities) and liquid heptane. The results indicate that at low conductivity (⩽100 μ S cm −1 ), the discharges are most successful when the anode tip is in water and close to the interface. Under these conditions, the plasma shape is filamentary, i.e. streamer-like. Meanwhile, at high conductivity (⩾500 μ S cm −1 ), the highest percentage of successful discharges is observed for the case where the anode tip is in heptane, near the interface. The plasma generated under these conditions takes the shape of one wide and intense filament, i.e. spark-like. The transition from streamer-to-spark mode is also confirmed by electrical and optical measurements. Using a negative polarity, the highest percentage of successful discharges is generated in low-conductivity water, near the interface. When the conductivity is increased, the success rate of discharges reaches 100%, if the cathode pin is kept in water.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it