Electrical and optical characterization of a pulsed discharge in immiscible layered liquids: <i>n</i> -heptane and water with various electrical conductivities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In-liquid pulsed nanosecond discharges produce highly dynamic plasmas that can be applied in different fields. In this study, we investigate the discharge dynamics of plasmas generated at or near the interface of water (with various electrical conductivities) and liquid heptane. The results indicate that at low conductivity (⩽100 μ S cm −1 ), the discharges are most successful when the anode tip is in water and close to the interface. Under these conditions, the plasma shape is filamentary, i.e. streamer-like. Meanwhile, at high conductivity (⩾500 μ S cm −1 ), the highest percentage of successful discharges is observed for the case where the anode tip is in heptane, near the interface. The plasma generated under these conditions takes the shape of one wide and intense filament, i.e. spark-like. The transition from streamer-to-spark mode is also confirmed by electrical and optical measurements. Using a negative polarity, the highest percentage of successful discharges is generated in low-conductivity water, near the interface. When the conductivity is increased, the success rate of discharges reaches 100%, if the cathode pin is kept in water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".