Atmospheric trace gas trends obtained from FTIR column measurements in Toronto, Canada from 2002-2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Total columns of C2H2, C2H6, CH4, CH3OH, CO, H2CO, HCl, HCN, HCOOH, HF, HNO3, N2O, NH3 and O3 were retrieved from 2002-2019 using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at the University of Toronto Atmospheric Observatory (TAO). Trends and enhancement events were determined by fitting trended Fourier series, and bootstrapping was used to identify the statistical significance. Trends from 2002 to 2019 (%/year, with 2σuncertainties) were found for C2H2 (−1.12 ± 0.30), C2H6 (−0.74 ± 0.73 from 2002–2008 and 1.19 ± 0.27 from 2009–2019), CH4 (0.26 ± 0.10 from 2002–2008 and 0.41 ± 0.03 from 2009–2019), CO (−0.90 ± 0.07), HCN (−0.51 ± 0.21), HCOOH (−2.15 ± 0.64), HF (0.59 ± 0.11), HNO3 (0.36 ± 0.13), N2O (0.28 ± 0.02), NH3 (3.56 ± 0.85), and O3 (0.28 ± 0.19 and −0.05 ± 0.07 for tropospheric and stratospheric columns, respectively). The GEOS-Chem chemical transport model showed that wetland emissions were the largest contributor to CH4 columns measured at TAO (average relative contribution of 31.7%), and that CH4 oxidation was a major source of CO (accounting for 30.9%).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".