Association of Preinjury Medical Diagnoses With Pediatric Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms in Electronic Health Records
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors and generate hypotheses for pediatric persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS). SETTING: A regional healthcare system in the Southeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS: An electronic health record-based algorithm was developed and validated to identify PPCS cases and controls from an institutional database of more than 2.8 million patients. PPCS cases (n = 274) were patients aged 5 to 18 years with PPCS-related diagnostic codes or with PPCS key words identified by natural language processing of clinical notes. Age, sex, and year of index event-matched controls (n = 1096) were patients with mild traumatic brain injury codes only. Patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury were excluded. All patients used our healthcare system at least 3 times 180 days before their injury. DESIGN: Case-control study. MAIN MEASURES: The outcome was algorithmic classification of PPCS. Exposures were all preinjury medical diagnoses assigned at least 180 days before the injury. RESULTS: Cases and controls both had a mean of more than 9 years of healthcare system use preinjury. Of 221 preinjury medical diagnoses, headache disorder was associated with PPCS after accounting for multiple testing (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-5.0; P = 2.1e-4). Six diagnoses were associated with PPCS at a suggestive threshold for statistical significance (false discovery rate P < .10): gastritis/duodenitis (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.6-5.1; P = 5.0e-4), sleep disorders (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4-3.7; P = 7.4e-4), abdominal pain (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.2; P = 9.2e-4), chronic sinusitis (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5-5.2; P = 1.3e-3), congenital anomalies of the skin (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.5-5.5; P = 1.9e-3), and chronic pharyngitis/nasopharyngitis (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.4-4.3; P = 2.5e-3). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the strong association of preinjury headache disorders with PPCS. An association of PPCS with prior gastritis/duodenitis, sinusitis, and pharyngitis/nasopharyngitis suggests a role for chronic inflammation in PPCS pathophysiology and risk, although results could equally be attributable to a higher likelihood of somatization among PPCS cases. Identified risk factors should be investigated further and potentially considered during the management of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".