Bibliographic record
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 1000.1 It occurs 9 times more commonly in women than men and is more common in some ethnic groups, notably in people of African/Caribbean ethnicity. SLE can affect any organ or tissue in the body and patients therefore suffer a wide range of symptoms. However, pain is one of the most frequent and most troublesome symptoms in patients with this disease.2 To some extent, pain in SLE can be ascribed to localized inflammation of particular organs, for example, joint inflammation, pleurisy, or pericarditis. Much of the pain in patients with SLE, however, is more generalized than this. That type of chronic generalized pain is less likely to respond to immunosuppressive treatment targeted to inflammation of specific organs. In fact, chronic pain is a societal problem. Multiple studies in different countries have shown that the prevalence of chronic pain (often defined as being pain every day for at least 3 months) is as high as 30%,3,4 whereas chronic widespread pain (both sides of the body, above and below the waist, and in the spine) is found in 10–11% of the population.3,4,5 Studies have shown that psychological and social factors play a key role in both onset6 and persistence of chronic pain7 in the population. This leads to the biopsychosocial model of pain, implying that addressing the biological and physical causes of pain alone will be insufficient to control this symptom and its deleterious effects on … Address correspondence to Dr. A. Rahman, Centre for Rheumatology Research, Room 412, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK. Email: anisur.rahman{at}ucl.ac.uk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".