Phylogenomics of Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals pervasive morphological convergence and the shortcomings of previous classifications
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The evolutionary history of Ichneumoninae, the largest subfamily of ichneumonid wasps, is investigated using genomic ultraconserved elements (UCEs). The dataset includes 147 species in 130 genera of Ichneumoninae and 155 outgroup taxa from 19 subfamilies. Matrices with varying degrees of completeness were analysed with different partition schemes and the resulting topologies were found to be mostly congruent. All analyses recovered Ichneumoninae as a monophyletic group, sister to all other Ichneumoniformes except Agriotypinae. Almost no support was found for previous tribal classification schemes, except that the tribes Phaeogenini and Platylabini are largely monophyletic. A new tribal classification is proposed based on the relationships recovered, consisting of seven tribes: Alomyini Förster, Phaeogenini Förster, Notosemini Townes, Eurylabini Heinrich, Platylabini Berthoumieu, Ichneumonini Latreille and a new monogeneric tribe, Abzariini Santos & Wahl. As documented in other lineages of Ichneumonidae, pervasive morphological convergence poses a challenge to the establishment of higher‐level groups that are both monophyletic and diagnosable. Extremely short branches at the base of the Ichneumoninae clade suggest that the group may have undergone a rapid radiation when it first diverged, potentially associated with its specialization on lepidopteran hosts. Multiple changes in the morphology of the female abdomen suggest that morphological convergence is associated with multiple transitions in the use of pupal versus larval hosts across the subfamily. The results demonstrate the power of phylogenomic approaches to resolve evolutionary relationships in hyper‐diverse and poorly studied insect groups and to provide a framework for testing evolutionary hypotheses.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it