Carbon dioxide induced freshwater acidification alters anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are on the rise due to natural and anthropogenic (human generated) causes. As a result, CO2 diffuses into the ocean and is causing a net increase in acidity, termed ocean acidification. Over the last decade many studies have shown that elevated CO2 can alter the behaviour in marine fish, although it is also important to consider that other studies show no effects. There has been much less emphasis on the potential impact of elevated CO2 on freshwater fish. In this study we manipulate CO2 levels in freshwater aquaria for a 4-day period and test the anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish using a well-validated novel tank diving test and motion-tracking software. Previous studies have shown that in this test drugs that are anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) cause zebrafish to spend more time in the upper zone of the tank whereas anxiogenic (anxiety causing) drugs do the opposite and cause fish to spend more time in the lower zone. We found that an elevation of CO2 levels to 3248 ± 442 μatm caused fish to spend more time in the lower zone of the tank compared to controls (454 ± 49 μatm). There was no difference in distance moved or immobility. These results suggest that with short-term exposures to high levels of CO2 there are significant behavioural changes. Future studies will investigate whether this is reversible and whether fish will adapt to high CO2 levels. Discipline: Psychology Faculty Mentor: Dr. Trevor Hamilton
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".