A systematic review of pharmaceutical price mark-up practice and its implementation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products, apart from being essential for medical treatment, are of high value and heavily regulated to ensure the prices are controlled. This systematic review was conducted to identify pharmaceutical pricing mark-up control measures, specifically in the wholesale and retail sectors. The search method comprised the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost and Google Scholar. The results were filtered systematically from the inception of the aforementioned databases until 23 April 2021. Eligible studies were those focusing on the implementation of pharmaceutical pricing strategies that involve a) mark-ups of medicine, and b) pharmaceutical cost control measures. A total of 13 studies were included in this review: seven covered European countries, four covered Asian countries, one covered the USA and one covered Canada. The main points of discussion in the qualitative synthesis were the implementation of medicine mark-ups, price mark-up regulatory strategies and the outcomes of these regulatory strategies. Our findings suggest that Western countries have a lower mark-up margin, around 4% to 25% of the original purchased price, compared to Asian countries, up to 50%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".