Bibliographic record
Abstract
introductionWhen Augustus and the Romans conquered the central and western Alps at the end of the first century b.c.e., most of the newly subjugated regions were brought under direct Roman control.The central portion of the western Alps, however, was left in the hands of a native dynasty, the Cottians, where it remained until the reign of Nero over a half-century later.The Cottians thus serve as one of many examples of a form of indirect Roman rule, its "two-level monarchy," wherein the rulers of smaller kingdoms governed as friends and allies of the Roman state in an asymmetrical power relationship with Rome. 1 This article explores how a native dynasty like the Cottians presented and legitimized their relationship with Rome to a domestic audience.Although similar work has been done before with regard to the better attested dynasties of the eastern borders, the Cottians present a rare opportunity to examine in the context of the Celtic west the self-presentation of reges socii ("allied kings") who reigned alternatively as kings and prefects.2 Relationships between Rome and its reges socii date back at least to the middle republic and continued on in the Bosporus until the fourth century c.e. 3 They existed across the Roman world, from Britain to the Black Sea and from Mauretania to Judaea. 4 The not uncommon classification of these allied kings I owe thanks to Bridget Buxton for generously providing me with copies of her unpublished manuscript, to Patrick Hunt for supplying me with extra images of material at Susa, to Erich Gruen for reading a draft, and to the anonymous referees of Phoenix.An early version of this research was presented at the Berkeley Ancient Italy Roundtable, and I am indebted to the organizers of that conference as well as to all those who provided feedback.All errors are of course exclusively my own.1 Millar 1996: 244.For surveys of recent scholarship on Rome's allied kings, see Cos ¸kun 2005b and 2008a; Kaizer and Facella 2010; and Wilker 2008.Still essential are Braund 1984; Cimma 1976; Millar 1996; and Paltiel 1991.For bibliography on particular dynasties and rulers, see the database of Amici Populi Romani (Cos ¸kun 2012).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".