Effects of the in ovo injection of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in Ross 708 broilers subsequently fed commercial or calcium and phosphorus-restricted diets. II. Immunity and small intestine morphology1,2,3
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of the in ovo injection of vitamin D3 (D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) on the immunity and small intestine morphology of broilers fed calcium and phosphorus-restricted diets were investigated. At 18 d of incubation (doi), live embryonated Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs were in ovo-injected with a 50 μL solution of one of the following treatments using an Inovoject multiegg injector: 1) diluent (control); diluent containing either 2) 2.4 μg D3; 3) 2.4 μg 25OHD3; or 4) 2.4 μg D3 + 2.4 μg 25OHD3. At hatch, 18 randomly selected male broilers belonging to one of the 4 in ovo injection treatments were placed in each of 12 floor pens and were fed either a commercial diet or a diet restricted by 20% in calcium and available phosphorus (ReCaP) content for the starter, grower and finisher dietary phases. Concentrations of plasma IgG and IgM at 14 d of age (doa) and α-1-acid glycoprotein at 40 doa were determined. Bursa, liver, spleen, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum weights were recorded at 7, 14, and 40 doa and small intestine histology was evaluated at 14 and 40 doa. Blood and organ samples were randomly collected from 1 bird in each of the 6 replicate pens within each of the 8 (4 in ovo x 2 dietary) treatment groups. Plasma IgG levels were higher in 25OHD3 than in diluent or D3 in ovo-injected birds. At 14 doa, a higher jejunal villus length (VL) to crypt depth (CD) ratio (RVC) was observed in birds that were in ovo-injected with 25OHD3 alone as compared to all other in ovo injection treatments. At 40 doa, ileal VL increased and jejunal CD decreased in commercial diet-fed birds compared to ReCaP diet-fed birds. In conclusion, the in ovo injection of 25OHD3 alone increased the immune response and improved the small intestine morphology and subsequent nutrient uptake of Ross 708 broilers. However, a ReCaP diet was observed to be detrimental to their small intestine morphology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".