A Hollow Cylinder Torsional Shear Device to Explore Behavior of Soils Subjected to Complex Rotation of Principal Stresses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A hollow cylinder torsional shear device that is modified to simulate more generalized earthquake loading, involving simultaneous compression and shear wave loading in situ, is presented. The nature and degree of stress rotation due to coupled action of compression waves and shear waves are discussed, and illustrative experiments conducted to simulate different loading scenarios in the laboratory are presented. The stress rotation due to this coupled loading is significantly influenced by the initial consolidation stress state and shearing parameters such as the ratio between shear stress and normal stress increments (ΔS/ΔN) and the phase shift (ϕ) between the waves. The representative (ΔS/ΔN) ratios were obtained from the numerical simulations and used in hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus to investigate the cyclic response of Fraser River sand under the simultaneous action of normal and shear stresses. Typical cyclic test results demonstrating the capability of a hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus commissioned at Carleton University in following complicated cyclic loading paths are presented in this paper. It is noted that loading under such nonconventional stress paths, such as elliptical and circular paths, could be initiated along different pathways. Cyclic test results along these pathways demonstrate that soil response is dependent on the overall path including the initial stress state. Test results also highlighted the significance of stress rotation and cyclic stress paths in affecting the liquefaction susceptibility of sands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".