Worldwide Introduction of North American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba): Evidence Based on Scientific Reports
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a small tree native to the Appalachian region of the United States that produces large, yellowish-green to brown fruit that has the flavor of a banana and mango. The scope of this review is limited to pawpaw orchards outside of North America that were intentionally planted for commercial or research purposes and are documented in the scientific literature. This review identified nine countries outside of North America (Romania, Italy, Ukraine, Slovakia, Austria, Georgia, Russia, Japan, Korea) and across two continents that have scientific literature that describes pawpaw cultivation. There are reports that pawpaws are cultivated in China, Israel, Belgium, and Portugal, however, no scientific literature could be found that describes pawpaw research from these countries. Most of the research since 2010 has featured pawpaws grown in Romania, Italy, and Korea with a focus on characterizing roots, twigs, leaves, pulp and seeds or the toxicity and/or bioactivity of the annonaceous acetogenins naturally found in these parts of the pawpaw.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".