Biochar Surface Functionality Plays a Vital Role in (Im)Mobilization and Phytoavailability of Soil Vanadium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The potential of biochar with different surface functionalities to immobilize soil vanadium (V) and reduce its phytoavailability has not been studied. We investigated the effects of different doses (0, 2.5, and 5%) of three biochars derived from rice hull and wood residues on fractionation, mobilization, and plant uptake of V in an acidic soil contaminated with V (3750 mg kg –1 ). Application of wood biochar, with high O-containing functional groups, at 2.5% decreased the water-soluble V by 46% and the soluble + exchangeable V by 32% in soil, as well as reduced the V uptake by corn and sorghum up to 86% in shoots and 65% in roots. Application of wood and rice hull biochars, with low O-containing functional groups, increased V solubility, and thus corn and sorghum were incapable of growing in treated soils. The higher reactive surface, acidity, abundance of various O-containing functional groups, and hydrophilicity of the former wood biochar contributed to its superior performance. Solubility of V increased with the biochar-induced increase of soil pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Soil acidity and aromaticity of DOC are the main factors responsible for V immobilization. These results may help to elucidate the role of biochar in the sustainable management of V-contaminated soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".