The Presynaptic Transmitter Release Site Within the Calcium Nanodomain: Calcium Channel and Synaptic Vesicle Tethering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fast neurotransmitter release (NTR) is triggered when the presynaptic membrane is depolarized, opening voltage-sensitive calcium channels (Cavs) and allowing calcium (Ca2+) ions into the terminal to trigger the fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs). Tight spatial and temporal control of NTR suggests that the Cav and SV are tightly coupled and linked by a molecular tether. However, it is unclear how Cavs interact with SVs and the molecular identity of the tether has yet to be elucidated. Using a novel biochemical assay called SV pull-down, or SV-PD, we demonstrate that Cav2.2 channels can capture SVs in vitro. Pull-down experiments using chick Cav2.2 long splice variant fusion proteins demonstrate that the distal C-terminal is also important in SV capture. C-terminal postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/Discs-large/Zonula-Occludens-1 (PDZ) ligand mutant fusion proteins and mimetic peptides of conserved binding sites on the distal C-terminal did not block SV-PD, suggesting that SV capture can occur in a PDZ ligand-independent manner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".