Basal Ganglia Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Electrical or chemical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PH) elicits highly adaptive locomotion, demonstrating both evidence of flexibility and variety in exhibited motor behaviours. However, the neural substrates of PH stimulation elicited behavioural changes are poorly understood. The basal ganglia are postulated to be critically involved in the process of action selection in conjunction with thalamo-cortical systems. The present study examines changes in basal ganglia activities in response to the high-frequency stimulation of the PH. Under urethane anaesthesia, ensemble and single-unit recordings were obtained from the striatum (STR), globus pallidus externa (GPe), entopeduncular nucleus (EP), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Upon PH stimulation, increases in firing rates were observed in the STR, GPe, and STN, a decrease was observed in the SNr and no changes were seen in the EP. The increase in spike rate in the STR and GPe was dependent on the stimulation intensity but not duration. Despite the differences in the direction of firing changes during PH stimulation, all examined areas including those not part of the basal ganglia demonstrated an elevated spiking rate upon stimulus train termination. Taking into account the known anatomical connections between the PH and the basal ganglia, it is hypothesized responses seen during PH stimulus trains are mediated through thalamic and cortical relays whereas the overall post-stimulus excitatory response is related to the impact of the PH on brainstem arousal systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".