Impact of sphingomyelin‐supplemented diet on phospholipid composition in diaphragm of mdx mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration which outpaces regeneration, yielding fragile membranes with phospholipids high in 18:1 and low in 18:2n6. Central to the regenerative process are sphingolipids, specifically sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), which promote satellite cell proliferation and muscle regeneration. In mdx mice, a model of DMD, S1P is deficient. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a dietary source of sphingolipids on muscle membrane phospholipid composition in mdx mouse. C57BL10 (WT) and mdx mice were fed either an AIN76A (CON) or AIN76A with 0.1% sphingomyelin (SM) diet for 7 wks starting at age 4 wks. Phospholipids were extracted and analyzed using thin layer‐gas chromatography. Diaphragm muscle from mdx demonstrated significantly higher percent mole fraction of monoenes (specifically 18:1) and lower polyenes (specifically 18:2n6) in the three major membrane phospholipid species (phosphatidylcholine, PC; phosphatidylethanolamine, PE; cardiolipin, CL) compared to WT. SM significantly increased both n3 (specifically PE 22:6n3) and n6 (specifically CL 18:2n6) polyenes and decreased monoenes (specifically CL 18:1) compared to CON. These results suggest that dietary sphingolipids influence membrane phospholipid composition. The project was funded by NSERC (PJL) and VBI/Fralin (VT) Seed Research Fund (RWG & EMS).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".