Effects of synthesis-solvent polarity on the physicochemical and rheological properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) microgels were synthesized via free radical polymerization using four synthesis-solvents with varying polarity index: dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, and cyclohexane. Characterization by FTIR, NMR, and XRD confirmed the chemical structure of synthesized PNIPAm microgels. Microgels synthesized in polar solvents have a lower degree of porosity and display lower swelling values (around 275% and 314% for THF and dioxane, respectively). In contrast, microgels synthesized in the nonpolar solvents toluene and cyclohexane have a higher degree of porosity and a higher degree of swelling (about 900% for cyclohexane). From the dynamic rheology study, the best mechanical performance was obtained with the microgels synthesized in dioxane and toluene due to their unique crosslinked structure. Considering their higher porosity, degree of swelling, thermal stability, and mechanical properties, this study confirms that microgels synthesized in nonpolar solvent like toluene can be an attractive option for multiple applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".