Universal Strain Energy-Mediated Dynamic Porosity in Physically Networked Elastomers and Their Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mechanical and physical properties of porous polymers are highly dependent on the arrangement of their internal pores, which once synthesized are widely considered static. However, here we introduce an unconventional dynamic porosity strategy in physically networked elastomer polymers, irrespective of their chemistry. This strategy allows for an omnidirectional and reversible reconfiguration of porosity in response to applied mechanical deformations, even at ambient conditions. In particular, the normal contact pressure between human fingers (just 0.62 MPa) applied on thin elastomer films results in a permanent reversion of the pores to a denser and more solid state. The porous-to-solid transition leads to a 3 order of magnitude reduction in pore density and up to a 22% relative volumetric shrinkage of the films, resulting in an opaque-to-transparent transition (OTT) that acts as a visual indication of porosity state (porous vs nonporous). It is shown that the pore reversion pressure onset is dependent on the average pore-to-pore distance that is controllable through process-specific parameters. Furthermore, the porosity transition is reversible for multiple cycles when the through-plane compression activation is coupled with an in-plane stretch (ε = 700%). A strain energy-mediated thermodynamic model is successfully implemented to confirm the effects of mechanical deformations on pore reversion and generation. Finally, applications of the newfound dynamic porosity concept are exploited for pressure indication, on-demand modulation of materials' mechanical and thermal characteristics, and flexible photomasks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".