Moderating effects of decision autonomy and culture novelty on the relationship between expatriate manager leadership styles and host country managers’ job satisfaction: Evidence from the global hotel industry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the use of expatriate managers to control and manage the foreign subsidiary is well recognized, there is a paucity of literature that considers how expatriate managers’ leadership behaviors affect host country nationals (HCNs). By incorporating leadership contingency perspective into expatriation literature, we examine the boundary conditions of two leadership (planning and consulting) behaviors on HCN managers’ job attitude (i.e., job satisfaction). Specifically, we investigate the moderating effects of decision autonomy and culture novelty of expatriate managers on the aforementioned relationships, using survey data collected from 103 expatriate general managers and 276 HCN managers working in nine American-based multinational hotel chains and found both planning and consulting leadership behaviors to be positively related to HCN managers’ job satisfaction. Decision autonomy and culture novelty acted as boundary conditions of such relationships such that decision autonomy moderated the planning-job satisfaction relationship while culture novelty moderated the consulting-job satisfaction relationship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".