American Public Diplomacy after World War II and the Overseas Dissemination of American English
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The global spread of English is the result of conscious language promotion by English-speaking countries. Before World War II, the United States implemented a language policy of mandatory use of American English in the newly occupied colonies; after World War II, the United States adopted a mechanism with explicit and implicit means complementing each other to promote American language and culture overseas. Since World War II, the United States has created many public diplomatic institutions and programs aimed at strengthening the global dominance of American English and promoting its overseas dissemination and promotion. Public diplomacy activities led by government agencies have combined the promotion of American English with the dissemination of American values; private organizations have led or participated in the dissemination and promotion of American English under the guidance of the U.S. government. The division of labor between government agencies and non-governmental organizations has made the development of American public diplomacy more extensive, permeable and flexible. Examining the historical evolution of American public diplomacy and the overseas spread mechanism of American English has strong reference significance for China to develop its public diplomacy strategy and promote the overseas spread of Chinese language and culture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".