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Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018
Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Simon I Hay, Dan Lu, Megan F. Schipp, Alice Lazzar-Atwood, Katie M. Donkers, Gdiom Gebreheat, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Eman Abu‐Gharbieh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Aishatu L. Adamu, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Marcela Agudelo‐Botero, Budi Aji, Oluwaseun Akinyemi, Alehegn Aderaw Alamneh, Fahad Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, James Albright, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde‐Rabanal, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Saqib Ali, Cyrus Alinia, Vahid Alipour, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Dickson A Amugsi, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Robert Ancuceanu, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Amit Arora, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn, Wondwossen Niguse Asmare, Maha Atout, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Muluken Altaye Ayza, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Ashish Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Maciej Banach, Palash Chandra Banik, Till Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Mohsen Bayati, Bayisa Abdissa Baye, Neeraj Bedi, Sefealem Assefa Belay, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Tsegaye Adane Birhan, Binyam Minuye Birhane, Zebenay Workneh Bitew, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mahdi Bohluli, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Archith Boloor, Oliver J. Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, André R. Brunoni, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Rosario Cárdenas, João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia, Franz Castro, Achille Cernigliaro, Jaykaran Charan, Pranab Chatterjee, Souranshu Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Sarika Chaturvedi, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Michael L. Collison, Aubrey J. Cook, Michael A. Cork, Rosa A S Couto, Baye Dagnew, Haijiang Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Adrian Charles Davis, Nicole Davis Weaver, Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Aniruddha Deshpande, Awrajaw Dessie, Keshab Deuba, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Díaz, Alireza Didarloo, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Linh Phuong Doan, Bereket Duko, André Rodrigues Durães, Laura Dwyer‐Lindgren, Lucas Earl, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Teshome Bekele Elema, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Pawan Faris, André Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Tomas Y Ferede, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan, Richard C. Franklin, Mohamed M. Gad, Shilpa Gaidhane, William M. Gardner, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Berhe Gebremichael, Fariborz Ghaffarpasand, Syed Amir Gilani, Themba G. Ginindza, Mustefa Glagn, Mahaveer Golechha, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Nachiket Gudi, Davide Guido, Rashid Abdi Guled, Yuming Guo, Samer Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Amr Hassan, Khezar Hayat, Mohamed Hegazy, Behnam Heidari, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herţeliu, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Hung Chak Ho, Chi Linh Hoang, Ramesh Holla, Julia Hon, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsaïri, Guoqing Hu, Tanvir Huda, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, M. Mofizul Islam, Chidozie C D Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Animesh Jain, Manthan D Janodia, Tahereh Javaheri, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Kimberly B. Johnson, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Naser Kamyari, Other Tanuj Kanchan, Neeti Kapoor, Behzad Karami Matin, Salah Eddin Karimi, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Getinet Kassahun, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Gbenga A Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Bayew Kelkay, Nauman Khalid, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Amir M Khater, Mona M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Adnan Kısa, Sezer Kısa, Soewarta Kosen, Kewal Krishan, Vaman Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Om Kurmi, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Sheetal D Lad, Faris Lami, Iván Landires, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Paul H. Lee, Kate E LeGrand, Ian D. Letourneau, Sonia Lewycka, Bingyu Li, Ming‐Chieh Li, Shanshan Li, Xuefeng Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Alan D Lopez, Celia Louie, Daiane Borges Machado, Venkatesh Maled, Shokofeh Maleki, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah Al Mamun, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Laurie B. Marczak, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Fabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Abera Mersha, Ted R. Miller, GK Mini, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Dara K. Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Jemal Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Pablo A. Montero-Zamora, Masoud Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Jonathan F Mosser, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Sandra B. Munro, Moses Muriithi, Ghulam Mustafa, Muthupandian Saravanan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gurudatta Naik, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Vinod C Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Ionuţ Negoi, Georges Nguefack‐Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Tadesse T. N. Nigussie, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Bogdan Oancea, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Muktar Omer Omer, Obinna Onwujekwe, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Aaron Osgood‐Zimmerman, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa Owolabi, P A Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pană, Anamika Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Shradha S. Parsekar, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Urvish Patel, Ashish Pathak, Mona Pathak, Sanjay Pattanshetty, George Patton, Kebreab Paulos, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Brandon V. Pickering, Marina Pinheiro, Ellen Piwoz, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Hadi Pourjafar, Sergio I. Prada, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Fakher Rahim, Shadi Rahimzadeh, Azizur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Rajesh Kumar, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Prateek Rastogi, Priya Rathi, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Rahul Rawat, Ramu Rawat, Lemma Demissie Regassa, Maria Albertina Santiago Rego, Robert C. Reiner, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Aziz Rezapour, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Susan F. Rumisha, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Rajesh Sagar, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Deepak Saxena, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Debarka Sengupta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Feng Sha, Omid Shafaat, Amira Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali Shalash, Mohammed Shannawaz, Aziz Sheikh, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Ranjitha S Shetty, Kenji Shibuya, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Jae Il Shin, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Narinder Pal Singh, Pushpendra Singh, Surya Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Amin Soheili, Shahin Soltani, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Krista M. Steuben, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Scott J. Swartz, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Leili Tapak, Md. Ismail Tareque, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Abinet Teshome, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Rekha Thapar, Nihal Thomas, Roman Topór-Mądry, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Phuong N. Truong, Berhan Tsegaye Negash, Irfan Ullah, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu, John D. VanderHeide, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bay Vo, Yohannes Dibaba Wado, Yasir Waheed, Richard G. Wamai, Fang Wang, Yafeng Wang, Yuan‐Pang Wang, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Kirsten E. Wiens, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Lauren Woyczynski, Aimin Wu, Chenkai Wu, Tomohide Yamada, Sanni Yaya, Alex Yeshaneh, Yigizie Yeshaw, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Tewodros Yosef, Mustafa Z Younis, Abdilahi Yousuf, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Deniz Yüce, Shamsa Zafar, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Leila Zaki, Josefina Zakzuk, Maryam Zamanian, Heather J. Zar, Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Desalege Amare Zelellw, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Xiu‐Ju Zhao, Sanjay Zodpey, Yves Miel H Zuñiga
Bibliographic record
VenueNature Human Behaviour · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicBreastfeeding Practices and Influences
Canadian institutionsUniversity of OttawaUniversity of ManitobaUniversity of TorontoCentre for Global Health ResearchMcMaster UniversityYork UniversityUniversity of Waterloo
FundersFogarty International CenterWellcome TrustBill and Melinda Gates Foundation
KeywordsBreastfeedingGeospatial analysisInequalityEnvironmental healthLow and middle income countriesPsychological interventionScale (ratio)Breast feedingPopulationGlobal healthMedicineGeographyDemographyDeveloping countryPublic healthEconomic growthPediatricsCartographyNursingEconomics
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)-giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life-is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.092
Threshold uncertainty score0.183
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.029
GPT teacher head0.308
Teacher spread0.279 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations166
Published2021
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes