A comprehensive study on the effects of multiple injection strategies and exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine characteristics that utilize waste high density polyethylene oil
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study utilized the catalytic pyrolysis method for extracting oil from waste high-density polyethylene (WHDPE) plastics. Experiments were carried out with D70H30 (diesel-70%, WHDPE oil-30%) blend under the influence of three start of pilot injection (SoPI) timings [45° before top dead center (bTDC), 50°bTDC, and 55°bTDC] and three pilot fuel injection quantity (PFIQ) (10%, 20%, and 30%) at the engine’s rated power output. Later, the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) (0%, 10%, and 20%) was studied with the optimum SoPI and PFIQ. Experimental results indicated that at SoPI timing of 55°bTDC and at PFIQ of 30%, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 8.5%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) increased by 19.25%, while smoke, hydrocarbons (HC), and CO emission got lowered with baseline operation of the blend and found to be best among other modifications. In the next phase of the work, exhaust gas is recirculated at 10% and 20%. The results portray that inclusion of 10% EGR in the intake at SoPI 55°bTDC and at PFIQ 30% has shown 1.7% higher BTE, with 3.7% and 28.9% lower NOx and smoke emission compared to the single main injection of the blend. It is concluded that pilot injection strategy with 30% PFIQ and SoPI timing of 55°bTDC at 10% EGR rate can be adopted to utilize WHDPE oil/diesel in diesel engines effectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it