Effect of Maternal Prenatal and Postpartum Vitamin D Supplementation on Offspring Bone Mass in Early Childhood: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Maternal vitamin D status has gained substantial attention as a modifiable contributor to offspring musculoskeletal health, yet there is a paucity of trial-derived data to corroborate effects of prenatal or postpartum vitamin D supplementation on offspring bone mass accrual. Among maternal-infant pairs in Bangladesh, we aimed to examine the hypothesized causal association of early life vitamin D exposure with musculoskeletal health in childhood. In a double-blind dose-ranging trial of maternal vitamin D3 supplementation (Maternal Vitamin D for Infant Growth Trial), healthy pregnant women (n = 1300) were recruited at 17–24 weeks’ gestation and randomly assigned to receive a prenatal; postpartum regimen of 0;0,4200;0,16,800;0,28,000;0 or 28,000;28,000 IU vitamin D3/week until 26 weeks postpartum. In a follow-up study of offspring at 4 years of age (n = 642), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Between-group differences were assessed by independent t-tests (28,000 IU/week prenatally vs placebo) and linear regression (each vitamin D treatment group vs placebo) with bootstrapping (1000 replications). Whole-body (WB), total-body-less-head (TBLH) and head-only BMC were similar in the combined high-dose prenatal and placebo groups (mean difference [95% CI] = 6.81g [−8.70, 22.32], 0.61g [−10.90, 12.13] and 1.71g [−3.54, 6.96], respectively). None of the mean values for WB or TBLH BMC or BMD in each vitamin D group were different from placebo (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). Although head BMD was slightly greater in offspring of women assigned to the 28,000;28,000 IU regimen compared to placebo (mean difference [95% CI] = 0.024g/cm2 [0.0009, 0.047], P = 0.042), the effect was attenuated and no longer significant upon adjustment for child height, weight, and sex (P = 0.11). In a population with high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, our findings do not support the use of maternal prenatal vitamin D supplementation, with or without postpartum supplementation, for improvement of child BMC or BMD at 4 years of age. Canadian Institutes for Health Research and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".