Thyroid hormones and their associations with cognitive function: moderation by sex, race and depressive symptoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thryroid hormone fluctuations’ influence on cognition is under‐studied, particularly within normal ranges and in population subgroups. We describe associations between thyroid hormones within reference ranges and cognitive performance, stratifying by sex, race and depressive symptoms (CES‐D). This is a cross‐sectional analysis of n=1,776–2,127 adults (age:30–64y) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span study, Baltimore City, MD. Outcomes included thirteen test scores spanning various cognitive domains. Exposures included serum total and free T4 (tT4; fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and T3(uptake). After familywise Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (p<0.004), higher T4 was associated with better performance on animal fluency (tT4,fT4) and identical pictures(tT4). Stratum‐specific associations that remained statistically significant included: Higher tT4 and better performance on the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) among White and depressed individuals, higher tT4 and better performance on animal fluency among men, Whites and non‐depressed individuals, higher fT4 and better performance on animal fluency among men, higher T3(uptake) and poorer performance on animal fluency among depressed individuals. In sum, thyroid function and cognition are closely linked, with associations varying by sex, race and depressive symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".