A Spatially Resolved Survey of Distant Quasar Host Galaxies. I. Dynamics of Galactic Outflows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present observations of ionized gas outflows in 11 z = 1.39–2.59 radio-loud quasar host galaxies. Data were taken with the integral field spectrograph OSIRIS and the adaptive optics system at the W.M. Keck Observatory targeting nebular emission lines (H β , [O III ], H α , [N II ], and [S II ]) redshifted into the near-infrared (1–2.4 μ m). Outflows with velocities of 500–1700 km s −1 are detected in 10 systems on scales ranging from <1 kpc to 10 kpc with outflow rates from 8–2400 M ⊙ yr −1 . For five sources, the outflow momentum rates are 4–80 times L AGN /c, consistent with outflows being driven by an energy-conserving shock. The five other outflows are either driven by radiation pressure or an isothermal shock. The outflows are the dominant source of gas depletion, and we find no evidence for star formation along the outflow paths. For eight objects, the outflow paths are consistent with the orientation of the jets. Yet, given the calculated pressures, we find no evidence of the jets currently doing work on these galactic-scale ionized outflows. We find that galactic-scale feedback occurs well before galaxies establish a substantial fraction of their stellar mass, as expected from local scaling relationships.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".