Modulating Effect of Physical Activity Level on Flow‐Mediated Dilation in Late Pre‐ and Early Post‐Menopausal Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following menopause, hormonal changes including the cessation of estrogen production by the ovaries accelerate the age‐related decline in endothelial function, as measured by brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD). In turn, it predisposes post‐menopausal women to a greater risk of hypertension. Physical activity is considered the most effective strategy to maintain endothelial function with ageing. For older men, research has demonstrated a positive influence of physical activity on brachial artery FMD. However, in older women, the benefits of physical activity on brachial artery FMD are less conclusive, especially during the transition from pre‐ to post‐menopause. This study tested the hypotheses that: 1) physically active early post‐menopausal women exhibit preserved brachial artery FMD relative to active late pre‐menopausal women, and; 2) a positive correlation exists between physical activity level and brachial artery FMD within these groups of women. METHODS Nine pre‐ (48 ± 2 years) and ten post‐ (53 ± 2 years) menopausal, healthy and physically active women were recruited. Blood pressure (24‐hour ambulatory monitoring), physical activity levels (7‐day accelerometry), and endothelial function (brachial artery FMD) were compared between groups with unpaired t‐tests. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate potential relationships between brachial artery FMD and physical activity levels. RESULTS Total physical activity (pre: 4322 ± 1661 vs. post: 3352 ± 859 min/week, P=0.14) and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (pre: 608 ± 326 vs. post: 526 ± 265 min/week, P=0.55) did not differ between groups. Brachial artery FMD also did not differ between late pre‐ (3.99 ± 2.23%, P=0.69) and early post‐ (4.52 ± 3.14%) menopausal women. Nonetheless, post‐menopausal women tended to have greater 24‐hour systolic blood pressure (121 ± 8 vs. 114 ± 7 mmHg, P=0.06). No correlation was observed between brachial artery FMD and total physical activity level (P=0.26). In contrast, a negative correlation was observed between brachial artery FMD and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity level (r=‐0.499, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that greater levels of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels are associated with lower brachial artery FMD values in late pre‐ and early post‐menopausal women. These results also suggest that early post‐menopausal women demonstrate greater systolic blood pressure relative to late pre‐menopausal women, despite being equally physically active and exhibiting a preserved brachial artery FMD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".