Investigating the Effects of a High-fat Coffee Beverage Containing Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil and Ghee on Cognitive Function and Measures of Satiety
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To test the hypotheses that Bulletproof Coffee (a blended drink containing coffee, medium-chain triglyceride [MCT] oil, and grass-fed ghee) will acutely improve cognitive function and lead to greater satiety when compared to black coffee. This study uses a single-blind, counterbalanced, randomized cross-over design with each participant completing two visits ∼7 days apart. The researchers are unaware of the beverage consumed by the participant, however, distinct differences in taste and texture between the Bulletproof Coffee (10 oz freshly brewed coffee, 15 ml MCT oil, 15 ml grass-fed ghee, ∼250 kcal) and black coffee (10 oz freshly brewed coffee, ∼1 kcal) prevented participant blinding. At the time of COVID-19 in-person research curtailment on our campus, six young, healthy participants (n = 5 females, age = 25 ± 8) who are regular coffee consumers had completed both trials and we are presenting the preliminary data here. During each trial participants complete baseline fasted measurements of cognitive performance (Digit Substitution Task [DSST], Stroop Task and Speed Task, all performed on a tablet computer), hunger/fullness, cognitive arousal, and gastrointestinal distress and then consume one of the two test beverages. The same measures are obtained again at 60- and 170-minutes post-consumption. Preliminary results suggest that there is no difference in cognitive function between the two conditions measured by number correct on the DSST (P = 0.44). Results suggest that there is a significant condition by time interaction resulting in greater measurements of fullness (P = 0.04) over the visit and a lower perceived prospective food consumption (P = 0.02) in the Bulletproof Coffee condition when compared to black coffee. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of Bulletproof coffee on cognitive performance. Preliminary data suggests that there may be no benefit of Bulletproof coffee over black coffee for improving cognitive performance. However, consuming one Bulletproof coffee containing 250 kcal, as compared to black coffee, does appear to increase feelings of fullness and result in a reduction in perceived prospective food consumption after 3 hours. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".