An overlapping lncRNA antisense to coding arachidonate 12‐lipoxygenase gene is ubiquitously expressed and exhibited cell‐type‐specific subcellular localization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The arachidonate 12‐lipoxygenase ( ALOX12 ) gene encodes an enzyme that acts on polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates and generates bioactive lipid mediators regulating a variety of biological processes associated with various disease pathologies. The human genome assembly (version GRCh38/hg38) revealed that the ALOX12 gene is overlapped by a previously uncharacterized antisense long non‐coding RNA ( lncRNA ) designated as ALOX12‐antisense 1 ( ALOX12‐AS1 ) indicating a possibility of antisense‐sense regulation of the coding ALOX12. Furthermore, based on expressed sequence tag ( EST ) mapping, the Ensemble database revealed the existence of multiple transcriptional isoforms of ALOX12‐AS1. Nine transcripts successively numbered as 201‐209 are supported by at least one EST. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize human tissue and cell‐type‐specific expression as well as intracellular localization of ALOX12‐AS1 lncRNA isoforms. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and northern blotting‐based studies revealed that ALOX12‐AS1‐201 and ‐202 are the dominant transcripts expressed in a variety of adult primary human tissues including adipose, artery, bone marrow, cerebellum, cortex, intestine, liver, smooth muscle, and skin tissues. Furthermore, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization using primary adult human tissues as well as five transformed human cell lines (A431: skin epithelial, EA.hy926: endothelial, THP‐1: monocytic, HEK293: embryonic kidney‐derived, and HepG2: hepatoma‐derived) revealed cell‐type‐specific expression and intracellular localization of the lncRNA. ALOX12‐AS1‐201 and ‐202 isoforms were differentially localized in the cytosol, nucleoplasm, as well as nucleoli, and the subcellular distribution exhibited variation depending on the cell‐type and cell division state. The tissue and cell‐type‐specificity of ALOX12‐AS1 lncRNA isoforms indicate that the isoforms might be involved in cell‐type‐specific regulation of ALOX12. This has been further reinforced by the overlapping nature of specific antisense‐sense sequence elements involving both genes. Future studies are warranted to unravel the details of potential antisense‐sense regulatory mechanism which is beyond the scope of the present study. Overall, this study provided a starting point to unravel a lncRNA‐mediated regulation of ALOX12 that may underlie the generation of potent bioactive lipid mediators associated with disease pathogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".