One-dimensional ghost imaging with an electron microscope: a route towards ghost imaging with inelastically scattered electrons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In quantum mechanics, entanglement and correlations are not just a mere sporadic curiosity, but rather common phenomena at the basis of an interacting quantum system. In electron microscopy, such concepts have not been extensively explored yet in all their implications; in particular, inelastic scattering can be reanalyzed in terms of correlation between the electron beam and the sample. While classical inelastic scattering simply implies loss of coherence in the electron beam, performing a joint measurement on the electron beam and the sample excitation could restore the coherence and the lost information. Here, we propose to exploit joint measurement in electron microscopy for a surprising and counter-intuitive application of the concept of ghost imaging. Ghost imaging, first proposed in quantum photonics, can be applied partially in electron microscopy by performing joint measurement between the portion of the transmitted electron beam and a photon emitted from the sample reaching a bucket detector. This would permit us to form a one-dimensional virtual image of an object that even has not interacted with the electron beam directly. This technique is extremely promising for low-dose imaging that requires the minimization of radiation exposure for electron-sensitive materials, because the object interacts with other form of waves, e.g., photons/surface plasmon polaritons, and not the electron beam. We demonstrate this concept theoretically for any inelastic electron-sample interaction in which the electron excites a single quantum of a collective mode, such as a photon, plasmon, phonon, magnon, or any optical polariton.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".