Canadian Mothers More Responsive Than Cambodian Peers in a Cross-Cultural Assessment of a Breastfeeding Interaction in the First 6 Months: A Preliminary Assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human milk is the sole recommended food for infants for the first 6 months of life. Although determinants and rates of exclusive breastfeeding differ greatly between high- and low-and-middle-income countries, little is known about whether breastfeeding practices, such as feeding responsiveness, differ across cultures. Responsive feeding practices are based on the cues and responses of a caregiver and infant, and are associated with more intuitive eating patterns later in life. This preliminary assessment aims to assess the responsiveness of the maternal-child interactions during breastfeeding of infants less than 6 months old cross-culturally, in both a high- and lower-middle income country. This preliminary analysis includes 10 mother-infant dyads from Nova Scotia, Canada, who have been age-matched (±4 days) to 10 Cambodian dyads recruited in Kampong Thom province, Cambodia. In both settings, a breastfeeding session was video-recorded in the participant's home and videos scored using the validated, 76-item Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training (NCAST) Caregiver/Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale. Infants were between 13 and 23 weeks old, and in both groups were 40% firstborn and 40% male. Cambodian mothers (27.3 ± 3.4 years) were significantly younger than Canadian (32.0 ± 2.3; p = 0.002), and the average length of feed in Cambodia was significantly shorter (5.5 ± 1.6 min v. 7.3 ± 1.3 min; p = 0.02). There was no significant difference between Canadian and Cambodian total NCAST scores. However, Canadian mothers scored significantly higher on three of the four maternal NCAST subscales; subscale I (sensitivity to infant's cues, p = 0.03), subscale III (social-emotional growth fostering, p = 0.01), and subscale IV (cognitive growth fostering, p = 0.02) There were no significant differences in scores for NCAST subscales measuring infant's clarity of cues or responsiveness to their mother. These preliminary results indicate differences in feeding responsiveness on the part of mothers during breastfeeding in Canada and Cambodia and could inform future programs to optimize the maternal-child feeding interaction. MSVU Internal Grant, Canadian Institute for Health Research, Research Nova Scotia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".