Calcinated Bentonite as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Cement-Based Mortar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The construction industry consumes a large quantity of cement, which therefore leads to a high CO 2 emission due to the cement manufacture. The partial replacement of cement by supplementary cementations materials (SCMs) is considered as the most promising alternative to reduce the environmental impact of this industry. This investigation aims to evaluate the performance of calcinated clay (calcined bentonite at 850 °C) used as partial replacement of cement in cement-based mortar. The evaluated performances include the physico-chemical and mechanical properties, as well as microstructural characteristics.. Various characterization tests, including laser granulometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) have been investigated. In addition, the hardened properties of different mortar mixtures were also investigated. Mortar mixtures incorporating different calcinated clay percentages corresponding to 8, 10, 12, and 14%, by mass of total binder content, were proportioned. Termogravimetric analysis (TGA) and its derivative (DTG), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and microstructural (Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) analysis were carried out on samples of mortar mixtures. Furthermore, the 28-d hardened properties were assessed to assess the pozzolanic activity of the investigated mixtures. Strength activity index (SAI), DSC, and TGA analyzes are presented. The obtained results showed that all the mixtures exhibited adequate pozzolanic activity conforming to the ASTM C618 specifications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".