Hybridization and introgression in sympatric and allopatric populations of four oak species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Hybridization and introgression are vital sources of novel genetic variation driving diversification during reticulated evolution. Quercus is an important model clade, having extraordinary diverse and abundant members in the Northern hemisphere, that are used to studying the introgression of species boundaries and adaptive processes. China is the second-largest distribution center of Quercus , but there are limited studies on introgressive hybridization. Results Here, we screened 17 co-dominant nuclear microsatellite markers to investigate the hybridization and introgression of four oaks ( Quercus acutissima , Quercus variabilis , Quercus fabri , and Quercus serrata ) in 10 populations. We identified 361 alleles in the four-oak species across 17 loci, and all loci were characterized by high genetic variability ( H E = 0.844–0.944) and moderate differentiation ( F ST = 0.037–0.156) levels. A population differentiation analysis revealed the following: allopatric homologous ( F ST = 0.064) < sympatric heterogeneous ( F ST = 0.071) < allopatric heterogeneous ( F ST = 0.084). A Bayesian admixture analysis determined four types of hybrids ( Q. acutissima × Q. variabilis , Q. fabri × Q. serrata , Q. acutissima × Q. fabri , and Q. acutissima × Q. variabilis × Q. fabri ) and their asymmetric introgression. Our results revealed that interspecific hybridization is commonly observed within the section Quercus , with members having tendency to hybridize. Conclusions Our study determined the basic hybridization and introgression states among the studied four oak species and extended our understanding of the evolutionary role of hybridization. The results provide useful theoretical data for formulating conservation strategies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".