Influence of Acute, Sympathetic Nervous Activity‐Independent Changes in Blood Pressure on Forearm Arterial Stiffness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the relationship between acute changes in blood pressure and arterial stiffness utilizing perturbations that alter sympathetic nervous activity (SNA), which influences vascular tone. The purpose of the current study was to elicit changes in blood pressure without altering SNA to thus observe the isolated influence of local changes in blood pressure on arterial stiffness. In this scenario, myogenic responses and changes in elastic reserve may contribute to changes in stiffness. Eleven young and healthy adults (age 20± 2 years) participated in this study. Left forearm blood pressure was acutely manipulated by elevating the forearm above heart level (AHL; reduced blood pressure) or lowering the forearm below heart level (BHL; increased blood pressure). Using applanation tonometry at the wrist and antecubital fossa, arterial stiffness was assessed via pulse wave velocity (PWV) after 5 min of rest in three positions: heart level (HL), AHL and BHL. To determine myogenic response involvement, forearm vascular conductance (VC; forearm blood flow/forearm mean blood pressure) was also assessed with duplex ultrasound. Results are mean ± SD. Forearm mean blood pressure was significantly different between arm positions (p<0.001): BHL 99 ± 6 mmHg; HL 80 ± 5 mmHg; AHL 60 ± 4 mmHg. PWV was higher in the BHL (13.4 ± 7.6 m/s) and HL (10.8 ± 4.5 m/s) positions compared to the AHL position (7.4 ± 3.6 m/s) (p<0.001 and 0.01 respectively). Including all positions, blood pressure and PWV were positively correlated (r 2 =0.4, p=0.002). Forearm VC was significantly lower in the BHL position compared to the HL and AHL positions (p=0.002 and 0.001 respectively). AHL and HL VC were not significantly different (p=1.0). There was no correlation between PWV and VC (r 2 =0.04, p=0.78). In conclusion, these results indicate that increasing blood pressure results in increases in local arterial stiffness, independent of changes in SNA. The absence of correlation between VC and PWV suggests that changes in elastic reserve played a larger role than myogenic tone in determining changes in stiffness with acutely altered forearm blood pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".