Gestational and Childhood Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Children’s Cardiometabolic Risk at Age 12 Years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Aim: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may adversely influence cardiometabolic risk by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and increasing cortisol levels. We examined the influence of gestational and childhood PFAS exposure on adolescent cardiometabolic risk. Methods: We quantified concentrations of four PFAS- (perfluorooctanoate [PFOA], perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorononanoate, and perfluorohexane sulfonate [PFHxS])- in sera collected during pregnancy, at birth, and at ages 3, 8, and 12 years for 221 mother-child pairs in the HOME Study (Cincinnati, Ohio). We assessed cardiometabolic outcomes using biological markers (after overnight fasting) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at age 12 years. Overall cardiometabolic risk was assessed by summing population-specific standardized z-scores for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio, adiponectin to leptin ratio (multiplied by -1), systolic blood pressure, and percent visceral fat. We used multiple informant models to estimate covariate-adjusted associations of serum PFAS concentrations (log2-transformed) at each visit with overall cardiometabolic risk score and its individual components, tested for differences in associations across visits. Results: Gestational and cord blood PFOA concentrations were positively associated with cardiometabolic risk score (gestational β=0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.0, 1.4; cord β=0.8, 95%CI=0.0, 1.6). In contrast, PFOA concentrations at other visits were not associated with cardiometabolic risk score (P for heterogeneity across visits=0.03). The positive associations for gestational PFOA were mainly driven by HOMA-IR (β=0.3; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.5), adiponectin/leptin ratio (β=-0.5; 95% CI: -1.0, 0), and percent visceral fat (β=2.6%; 95% CI: 0.4, 4.8). Similarly, gestational and cord PFHxS were associated with higher cardiometabolic risk score (βs [95%CIs]: gestational 0.8 [0.2, 1.4]; cord 1.0 [0.3, 1.7]), and the associations were driven by the similar individual components. No effect measure modification by child sex was identified. Conclusions: Gestational PFOA and PFHxS exposure are moderately associated with unfavorable cardiometabolic risk in children at age 12 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".