Inhibition of calcium sulphate hemihydrate crystallization under simulated conditions of phosphoric acid evaporation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Nucleation and crystal growth of CaSO 4 ∙ 0.5H 2 O (calcium sulphate hemihydrate) was studied under conditions simulating scale formation in phosphoric acid production evaporators. Phosphoric acid, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and sulphuric acid were mixed at 88°C. The induction time was determined using a turbidimeter across a range of supersaturation from 1.3–3.5. Crystallization equations, taking as input the induction time and supersaturation, were used to calculate surface energy, nucleation rate, free energy, and the critical nucleus radius of CaSO 4 ∙ 0.5H 2 O with and without the addition of 75 mg/L of various scale inhibitors: polyacrylic acid (PAA) 8000 g/mol, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) <100 000 g/mol, or polyethyleneimine (PEI) 60 000 g/mol. The results suggest that PEI is capable of inhibiting crystal growth through the impediment of crystal nucleation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".