Comparative analysis of the parasphenoid bone development in Mexican tetra ( <i>Astyanax mexicanus)</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Astyanax mexicanus is a teleost fish that belongs to the order Characiform. Ithas two distinct eye morphs as surface‐dwelling, pigmented eyed surface fish population, and an eyeless cavefish population. Accumulation of functional mutations in the genes which are important for eye development led to the loss of eyes in cavefish. Some cranial changes have occurred from the direct effect of eye loss in cavefish including size and position of the circumorbital bones, ossified sclera, and the shape of both suborbital 3 and the supraorbital bone. The maxillary teeth, the positions of suborbital 4 to suborbital 6, and the shape of the opercular bone were found to be unaffected by the eye loss. Unlike higher vertebrates, the teleost eyeball does not cover by a bony socket and it has direct communication with the inner neurocranium. However, the influence of eye development on the inner neurocranial bones has gained little attention in research. In A. mexicanus palate bones are mainly made of a series of bones such as parasphenoid bone, basioccipital, vomer, and ethmoid. Among them, parasphenoid bone makes the largest part of the palate. This study was designed to understand the effect of eye loss in cavefish on parasphenoid bone development, shape determination, and bone remodeling activity. A. mexicanus populations; Surface fish and Pachon cavefish at 5dpf, 10 dpf, 20 dpf, 35 dpf, and 60 dpf subjected to alizarin red bone staining. Adult surface fish and two cave populations Pachon and Tinaja cavefish were subjected to micro‐CT imaging and morphometric analysis was carried out using those images to compare the parasphenoid bone anatomy amongst these three morphs. TRAP and ALP staining were used to determine the bone remodeling activity in 60 dpf, A. mexicanus populations of surface and Pachon cavefish. A. mexicanus cavefish and surface are similar to each other in bone development, articulation, and ossification with certain exceptions such as late protrusion of lateral wings in cavefish. The straightened parasphenoid bone observed in cavefish and curved parasphenoid bone observed in surface fish beneath the eye orbit. Bone remodeling activity in cavefish was found to be increased compared to the surface fish. Cavefish have a direct or indirect effect on eye loss on the development of bones in the cranial region. Differential bone remodeling activity observed in cave and surface fish may result from the limited resources in the cave environment and as a long‐term adaptation into troglomorphic cave environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".