Diverse Intracellular Inclusion Types Within Magnetotactic Bacteria: Implications for Biogeochemical Cycling in Aquatic Environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of prokaryotes that generally live dominantly at or just below the oxic‐anoxic transition zone (OATZ) in diverse aquatic environments. They biomineralize intracellular magnetic nanocrystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or/and greigite (Fe3S4) each enveloped by a bilayer membrane, called a magnetosome, and often organized into a chain or chains. Here, we identify a new magnetotactic spirillum strain (tentatively named WYHS‐1) from freshwater sediments of Weiyang Lake, Xi'an, northwestern China, using coupled fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy at the single‐cell level. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicates that strain WYHS‐1 is affiliated with the Azospirillum genus within the Alphaproteobacteria class of the Proteobacteria phylum. Transmission electron microscopy combined with synchrotron‐based scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy analyses reveal that strain WYHS‐1 produces nearly isotropic magnetite‐type crystals, with average lengths and widths of 34.5 ± 6.7 nm and 32.8 ± 6.5 nm, respectively. WYHS‐1 cells also contain at least three other types of intracellular, submicron inclusions: Sulfur (S0) globules, Ca/Mg‐rich polyphosphate granules, and organic‐deficient vacuoles. Unlike magnetic particles, which occur within all WYHS‐1 cells, the latter three inclusion types are not always present, which indicates that they may be temporary intracellular structures that store or transport chemicals. Together with genomic and physicochemical knowledge for available bacteria, we propose a conceptual model in which MTB drive biogeochemical elemental cycling within aquatic OATZ environments and contribute to the distribution and burial of biominerals in sediments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".