Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The process that allows cosmic rays (CRs) to escape from their sources and be released into the Galaxy is still largely unknown. The comparison between CR electron and proton spectra measured at Earth suggests that electrons are released with a spectrum steeper than protons by Δsep ∼ 0.3 for energies above ∼10 GeV and by Δsep ∼ 1.2 above ∼1 TeV. Assuming that both species are accelerated at supernova remnant shocks, we here explore two possible scenarios that can in principle justify steeper electron spectra: (i) energy losses due to synchrotron radiation in an amplified magnetic field and (ii) time-dependent acceleration efficiency. We account for magnetic field amplification produced by either CR-induced instabilities or by magnetohydrodynamics instabilities my means of a parametric description. We show that both mechanisms are required to explain the electron spectrum. In particular, synchrotron losses can only produce a significant electron steepening above ∼1 TeV, while a time-dependent acceleration can explain the spectrum at lower energies if the electron injection into diffusive shock acceleration is inversely proportional to the shock speed. We discuss observational and theoretical evidences supporting such a behaviour. Furthermore, we predict two additional spectral features: a spectral break below ∼few GeV (as required by existing observations) due to the acceleration efficiency drop during the adiabatic phase, and a spectral hardening above ∼20 TeV (where no data are available yet) resulting from electrons escaping from the shock precursor.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".