Serum EMAP‐II in Young and Older Men During Prolonged Exercise in Temperate and Hot Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed a complex interplay between circulating inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF‐α, IL‐6) and susceptibility to heat illness, particularly in older adults who demonstrate dysregulation in the inflammatory response. Endothelial monocyte‐activating polypeptide II (EMAP‐II) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine involved in a number of inflammatory and immune responses. However, the EMAP‐II response, as it relates to exercise‐heat stress is not known. This may be a particularly important cytokine mediating the inflammatory response in older adults, who are known to be at a higher risk for developing heat injury following the strain imposed by prolonged exercise heat stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the EMAP‐II response in young and older men during prolonged exercise in temperate and hot conditions. We evaluated the hypothesis that as observed with other key inflammatory cytokines, end‐exercise serum EMAP‐II concentrations would increase in hot compared to temperate conditions, albeit to a greater extent in young relative to older adults. To achieve this, serum EMAP‐II was measured in 12 young (21 years [SD 3]) and 12 older (59 years [SD 4]) men prior to and following prolonged exercise (180‐min or until volitional fatigue) performed at a metabolic rate of ~200 W/m2 (~3.5 METs) in temperate (21.9°C, 35% relative humidity (RH)) and hot environments (41.4°C, 35% RH) as part of a broader study. Exercise time (min) was compared between groups using a Mann‐Whitney U test. Rectal temperature, averaged over the final 5 min of exercise, and EMAP‐II (quantified via ELISA) at baseline and end‐exercise were analysed using a linear mixed model, with each participant's exercise time considered as a covariate for end‐exercise data. All participants completed 180 min in temperate conditions, although exercise time was reduced to a similar extent in hot conditions in young (median [IQR]; 175 min [108, 180]) vs. older men (180 min [139, 180]; p=0.551). End‐exercise rectal temperature did not differ significantly between groups (p=0.755) but it was higher in hot vs. temperate conditions across groups (mean [SD]; 38.9°C [0.3] vs. 37.5°C [0.3]; p<0.001). Across conditions, EMAP‐II was higher in young vs. older men at baseline (2.18 [0.49] vs. 1.57 [0.48] ng/mL; p=0.003) and end‐exercise (2.32 [0.64] vs. 1.75 [0.48] ng/mL; p=0.009). End‐exercise EMAP‐II was also higher in hot compared to temperate conditions across groups (2.19 [0.53] vs.1.89 [0.70] ng/mL; p=0.003), albeit that increase did not differ significantly between groups (p=0.096). Our findings demonstrate that prolonged exercise in hot, but not temperate conditions, increased EMAP‐II in both young and older men, albeit aging did not significantly influence the magnitude of that increase. However, given aging was associated with an overall reduction in circulating EMAP‐II concentrations, further studies are warranted to assess this response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".