Transgenic Labeling of Chondrocyte and Osteoblast Lineages in <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Tadpoles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The extent to which tadpole cells contribute to adult tissues and organs is a long‐standing question in amphibian metamorphosis. These contributions are particularly interesting in skeletal metamorphosis, where the cartilaginous tadpole skeleton is largely replaced by de novo cartilage and bone formation in the adult. Three basic pathways of cellular differentiation are possible. First, larval cells may persist in a single differentiated state to give rise to an adult structure of the same tissue type (e.g. cartilage). Second, larval cells may transdifferentiate from one differentiated state to another during metamorphosis (e.g. cartilage to bone). Third, cellular progenitors to adult structures may persist as mesenchyme in the tadpole, and only achieve terminal differentiation during metamorphosis (e.g. mesenchyme to cartilage and/or bone). This project explores all three of these differentiation pathways during skeletal metamorphosis through novel transgenic labeling of cell populations and cellular lineages in Xenopus laevis. Wnt1 , sox10, col2a1 and osterix reporter constructs were used to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the neural tube, neural crest, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts respectively. These live labels allow the visualization of skeletogenesis in vivo . In conjunction with cre‐recombinase‐dependent lineage labeling, these reporters reveal both the extent to which differentiated larval chondrocytes contribute to the adult skeleton, and the location of putative skeletogenic precursors that are developmentally quiescent during tadpole stages. These pathways of cellular differentiation have implications for both the mechanisms of skeletal development and the evolution of anuran metamorphosis. Grant Funding Source: NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".