Acute toxicity of Neonicotinoids and Carbamete on Honey Bee Apis mellifera L
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The current study represents the first part of a Ph.D. research projectconducted at The University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada in co-operation with the University of Babylon,Hilla – Iraq. The main objective of this part was to estimate the acute toxicity (LD 50) of clothianidin,imidacloprid (neonicotinoids), and carbaryl (Crabmeat) to honey bees. Method: The Three insecticides havebeen blamed for the colony collapse disorder (CCD) crisis, newly emerged adult bees were challenged orallyand topically with a serial of doses of the three insecticides. Determination of the LD50 of each insecticiderevealed that clothianidin was the most toxic insecticide to bees in oral and topical applications comparedto the other two insecticides. The findings: The oral LD50 values were 0.004, 0.15, and 0.36 forclothianidin, imidacloprid, and carbaryl respectively. The topical LD50 values were 0.034, 0.085, and 0.24for the three insecticides respectively Data were statistically analyzed by probit analysis using theUS Environmental protection Agency statistical program (version 1-5).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".