Farnesol induces thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 in MCF‐7 cells but decreases expression of thyroid hormone receptor beta1‐regulated genes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Farnesol is produced endogenously in cells as a metabolite of the mevalonate/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, and is also consumed in dietary fruits and vegetables. Anti‐cancer effects of farnesol are well established, although mechanisms mediating these effects are not fully understood. Farnesol has previously been shown to regulate activity of the farnesoid X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors alpha and gamma. We hypothesized that farnesol may mediate some of its effects through regulation of other members of the steroid/thyroid nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand‐activated transcription factors. We examined the effect of farnesol on thyroid hormone receptor (THR) beta 1 and found increased protein and mRNA expression at concentrations that inhibited MCF‐7 cell growth. No effect of farnesol was observed on THR alpha 1 or retinoid X receptor beta mRNA. Measurement of mRNA expression of genes known to be regulated by THR beta 1 (including Spot 14, the sodium iodide symporter, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase Ia) strongly suggested, however, that farnesol decreased activity of this nuclear hormone receptor. We conclude that farnesol induces THR beta 1 but appears to decrease signalling by this transcription factor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".