Cardiovascular Effects of Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), resulting from repetitive episodes of upper airway occlusion during sleep, increases cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. To determine suitability of mouse model for OSA, we examine the cardiovascular response to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), one of major physiological changes in OSA. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice were daily exposed to either CIH (cycles of 1‐min hypoxia with nadir FIO2 5%, followed by 1‐min normoxia, 10 daytime hours/day for 2 months, n=22) or similarly handled normoxic control (C, n=17). Measurements performed include body weight (BW); cardiac catheterization under 2% isoflurane anesthesia after 12 hours following the end of the last exposure; and heart wet weight after euthanasia. Results There is no significant difference between CIH and C in BW, heart rate, rate of left ventricular (LV) pressure rise (+dP/dtmax), rate of LV pressure fall (−dP/dtmax), and weight ratio of right ventricular free wall to BW. CIH increased mean arterial pressure (CIH: 92.8±11.7 vs C: 84.5±11.5 mm Hg, p=0.03), LV end‐diastolic pressure (12.5±6.8 vs 5.5±5.4 mm Hg, p<0.01), heart weight to BW ratio (4.1±0.6 vs 3.6±0.3 mg/g, p<0.05), and LV free wall weight to BW ratio (2.07±0.27 vs 1.71±0.18 mg/g, p<0.01). Conclusions Mice with CIH develop higher blood pressure, LV dysfunction, and LV hypertrophy. These changes mimic cardiovascular changes in patients with OSA. We speculate that future use of genetically modified mice with CIH may be useful for investigation of the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular change in OSA. Supported by NHLBI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".