Subfornical organ: a novel site for the actions of cholecystokinin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The subfornical organ (SFO) is an important sensory circumventricular organ implicated in the regulation of fluid homeostasis and energy balance. We examined the response of SFO neurons to cholecystokinin (CCK) using the functional activation markers c‐Fos and p‐ERK. The number of c‐Fos and p‐ ERK immunoreactive SFO neurons were determined in 18 hr‐fasted rats in response to vehicle, CCK (16μg/kg, i.p.) alone or CCK in combination with a CCK1 or a CCK2 receptor antagonist (Devazepide; 600 μg/kg and L‐365,120 [L‐365]; 100 μg/kg, respectively). The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) was used as a positive control region for CCK‐induced activity. After 90 min, CCK induced a significant increase in the number of c‐Fos neurons in the NTS (259.2±20.8) compared to vehicle (47.5±2.5). Similarly, in the SFO, c‐Fos was expressed in 40.5 ± 10.6 neurons in CCK‐treated compared to 6.6 ±2.7 in vehicle‐treated rats (n=4/group). Devazepide significantly reduced the effects of CCK in the NTS but not in SFO. L‐365 blocked the effects of CCK in both regions. After 15 min, CCK increased the number of p‐ERK neurons in NTS (27.0±4.0) as well as SFO (18.0±4.0) compared to vehicle (8.0 ±2.6 and 4.3±0.6 respectively). Both devazepide and L‐365 reduced CCK induced p‐ERK in NTS, but only L‐365 reduced it in the SFO. In conclusion, SFO represents a novel CNS site at which circulating CCK may act to influence autonomic control centers in the hypothalamus.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".