Translating Access Into Utilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With full implementation of the federal Affordable Care Act, millions of previously uninsured reproductive-aged women will have access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. Cost and lack of insurance have been cited by young women as a primary reason for their poor utilization of contraception and other preventive SRH services. In addition to cost, another important barrier to uptake of these services is patient literacy. Women who cannot understand the newly available insurance products are unlikely to use them. It is estimated that one-third of the US adult population lack the literacy skills needed to use printed health information. The uninsured especially are likely to have low health literacy. Any benefit to women from expanded contraceptive access under the federal Affordable Care Act requires provision of educational resources that are easy to comprehend. Following Massachusetts’ state-level health care reform implementation in 2007 and availability of new health insurance products in that state, young women in need of SRH services expressed confusion over coverage of contraception. To address this need, a plain-language Web site titled “My Little Black Book for Sexual Health” was developed in 2010 to help young women and help them identify and use the newly available health insurance products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health literacy demands and usability of the Web site among 8 women aged 18 to 26 years, with the goal of informing modifications to improve the site. The authors performed an evaluation of the literacy demands of the Web site’s content and tested the site’s accessibility and usability in a health communications laboratory. The participants were diverse with respect race/ethnicity, language spoken, education, and employment status. After examining the Web site, each was interviewed for 30 to 45 minutes. Participants found the Web site to be visually appealing and understood its overall design concept. However, the literacy demands were high (13th-grade reading level), and all participants had severe problems navigating through the Web site. Based on this assessment, the site was modified to make it more usable and understandable to women of all health literacy levels. To close the gap between access to and utilization of preventive SRH services now available under expanded federal health insurance coverage, customized educational resources must be developed that are culturally appropriate, visually appealing, easy to navigate, and written at an appropriate literacy level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.055 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.039 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".